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Reference

Chord progressions in all 12 keys

The progressions songs are built from, each spelled correctly in every key and voiced for smooth voice leading. Tap play to hear one; open it to see all twelve keys.
  • ii V I

    ii7 V7 Imaj7

    The cadence jazz is built on. Each root falls a fifth, so the ear always knows where the next chord is going.

    1. Dm7
    2. G7
    3. Cmaj7
  • Minor ii V i

    iiø7 V7 i7

    The same falling fifths with a darker colour: a half diminished ii, a dominant borrowed from harmonic minor, and a minor tonic.

    1. E7
    2. Am7
  • I V vi IV

    I V vi IV

    Four chords that carry a large share of pop songwriting. Start it on vi and it turns melancholy without changing a note.

    1. C
    2. G
    3. Am
    4. F
  • vi IV I V

    vi IV I V

    The same four chords as I V vi IV, started on the relative minor. It sounds sadder because it begins away from home.

    1. Am
    2. F
    3. C
    4. G
  • I vi IV V

    I vi IV V

    The doo wop changes. Home, its relative minor, then subdominant and dominant leading straight back.

    1. C
    2. Am
    3. F
    4. G
  • I IV V

    I IV V I

    Tonic, subdominant, dominant: the three primary chords, and the skeleton of a great deal of folk, rock and blues.

    1. C
    2. F
    3. G
    4. C
  • 12 bar blues

    I7 I7 I7 I7 IV7 IV7 I7 I7 V7 IV7 I7 V7

    Three dominant seventh chords over twelve bars. Even the tonic is a dominant seventh, so home itself has an edge, and that is the sound of the blues.

    1. C7
    2. C7
    3. C7
    4. C7
    5. F7
    6. F7
    7. C7
    8. C7
    9. G7
    10. F7
    11. C7
    12. G7
  • iii vi ii V I

    iii7 vi7 ii7 V7 Imaj7

    A chain of falling fifths that starts on iii and walks home one fifth at a time.

    1. Em7
    2. Am7
    3. Dm7
    4. G7
    5. Cmaj7
  • I vi ii V

    Imaj7 vi7 ii7 V7

    The turnaround at the end of countless standards. It leaves home and comes back in four chords.

    1. Cmaj7
    2. Am7
    3. Dm7
    4. G7
  • ii bII I

    ii7 bII7 Imaj7

    A ii V I with the dominant replaced by its tritone substitute, so the bass slides down by semitones instead of falling a fifth.

    1. Dm7
    2. Cmaj7
  • Backdoor progression

    iv7 bVII7 Imaj7

    Two chords borrowed from the parallel minor that reach the tonic from a whole step below instead of a fifth above.

    1. Fm7
    2. Cmaj7
  • I bVII IV

    I bVII IV I

    A Mixolydian vamp. The flat seven chord comes from the parallel mode, and it is the sound of a great deal of rock.

    1. C
    2. F
    3. C
  • A bass line falling by step from the tonic to the dominant, landing on a major V that only harmonic minor provides.

    1. Am
    2. G
    3. F
    4. E
  • i VI III VII

    i VI III VII

    A minor key loop with no V chord in it. It never quite lands, which is why it suits a chorus that wants to keep moving.

    1. Am
    2. F
    3. C
    4. G
  • Royal road progression

    IVmaj7 V7 iii7 vi

    Subdominant to dominant, then a sidestep to iii and vi instead of going home. A staple of J pop songwriting.

    1. Fmaj7
    2. G7
    3. Em7
    4. Am

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